contribution of physics in medical science

Graphene is just a one atom thick-two dimensional sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb like lattice. Finally, monitoring of the results of this therapy over time is done by sequential imaging [99]. Physics has made critically important contributions to health ever since the birth of medicine 5000 years ago. The main function of the biosensor is to sense a biological specific material such as antibodies, proteins, enzymes, immunological molecules etc. In the foodprocessing industry, LIBS is used for the rapid identification of bacteria responsible for food borne contamination, such as salmonella enteric serovar typhimurium [16]. Recently, complex drug delivery mechanisms are being developed that have the ability to get drugs through cell membranes and into cytoplasm [86]. The use of relatively long wavelength light allows it to penetrate into the scattering medium. Medical physics is a branch of applied physics concerning the application of physics to medicine. Powsner RA, Powsner ER (1998) Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in Essential Nuclear Medicine Physics. Some physical agents such as sound, heat, pressure and light have been used to diagnose and treat diseases. • In vivo measurements with high spatial resolution of heavy metal concentrations in tissues (e.g. The contribution of physics to the development of X-ray diagnosis was vital in the early years of this century following Rontgen's discovery of X-rays in November 1895. The trace elements Mg, K, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn and Cu were identified with different concentrations in the liver tissues under study. Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization CS1 maint: ref=harv ; Deuraseh, Nurdeen; Abu Talib, Mansor (2005). The main ones are diagnostic radiology, or medical imaging, nuclear medicine and radiation oncology. Chief among its medical applications might be the revolutionary new DNA sequencing which accelerates genomics. The studies were further extended to a set of other nanomaterials and bulk targets (Fe3O4, Ag2O, SiO2, TiO2 and Al2O3), which were investigated at laser fluencies in the range of 2.5 W/cm2 up to 86 W/cm2. I suggested that the goal of medicine and supporting science is to ensure that people live long and die quickly and I contrasted this with the past scenarios. Nanomaterials are indispensable incumbents in this dimension as they have high surface area to volume ratios which allow the surface to be used in a better and far more diversely functional manner [99]. Moreover, the various nanomaterials that it will provide, may be used to further develop tissue engineering and cell repair and for the purpose of generating devices as nanorobots, nanochips, nanoimplants and prostheses [169-171]. It is well known that X-rays are not absorbed equally well by different parts of the body. 12. OCT allows the reconstruction of the images from the upper skin layers, in a similar way as ultrasound does, but with much higher spatial resolution. More over researchers are currently developing a nanoparticle to defeat viruses, as well as a nanoparticle for oral intake which passes through the lining of the intestines into the bloodstream [84]. Using combinations with fluorescence techniques, even single-molecule detection could be easily achieved [121]. In this invited opening Plenary Lecture at the 1st European Conference on Medical Physics, I indicated some of the roles of medical physics, and speci… It has several and diverse applications in medical diagnostics, such as in ophthalmology and optometry where it can be used to obtain detailed images from within the retina [24,25]. Nowadays, optical coherence tomography (OCT) in medical diagnostics is considered a prominent imaging technique that can give high resolution, cross- sectional and threedimensional images of bio- medical tissues in real time, using the coherence properties of laser light [23]. Graphene micro- and nano- particles have served as contrast agents for photo-acoustic and thermo-acoustic tomography [153]. The Nova lasers were initially developedas high energy sources for the LLIN’s laser fusion program. When the Nova beam strikes the selenium foils, it vaporizes them completely to createplasma of neon- like selenium ions. Medical physicists from the University of Puerto Rico (USA), experimentally demonstrated how quantum dots are an ideal “mediator” in such multimodality regimes [94]. Figure 3: Energy level of singly ionized krypton, showing the two-step excitation from the 4p5 (2P3/2) ground state to the 4p45p upper states. They received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 for their work on isolating graphene for the first time and investigating its unique and peculiar properties [126,127]. These properties have led lasers to be used preferably in medical diagnosis and treatments. In the (LLNL) beams of high energy neodymium, glass – lasers (Nova Lasers producing kilo joule pulses, lasting for a nano- second) were used to pump a thin foil of selenium to produce a coherent beam of X- ray [38]. Concerning the first category, Patlak implemented the LIBS technique in order to study the role of various elements in the formation of gallstones (formed under the emphysema and mucosal state of gall bladder) [9]. Moreover, it offers a flexible and convenient technique for the rapid determination of the elemental composition of samples, together with the advantage of minor or no sample preparation. The photon wavelengths of the X- rays produced are 100 times shorter than those of the optical photons, which mean that they are 100 times as energetic as the optical photons. In drug delivery and cancer therapy, graphene was first explored and investigated by the group of Hogji Dai at Stanford University (USA) in 2008 [132,158]. Two nanotechnology reformulations of chemotherapeutics, Abraxane and Doxil, have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are currently being used to the benefit of cancer patients. A 20% increase of the X-ray emission for nano-gold with respect to bulk gold was observed, however, the X-ray emission in the nano-copper and bulk copper was the same [166]. LIBS technique for biomedical analysis has more practical advantages over other spectrochemical techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), mass-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The nanoparticles protect the vaccine, allowing it more time to trigger a stronger immune response. Imaging depth is usually about 1 mm, but is dependent on the specific properties of the tissues [30]. Physics advances helped create Nuclear Medicine and brought the field to the forefront of medicine as a specialty driven by physical science and technical innovation. A technique that employs nanoparticles to deliver drugs to specific types of cells is currently under development, with some applications already being used. Taking X-ray images of slices of the body (body section radiography) is known as “tomography”. 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