0000013657 00000 n Let us make an in-depth study of the meaning, categories, principles and protocols of embryo culture. 0000015283 00000 n 0000010604 00000 n 0000011642 00000 n Immature embryo explants taken 8 days after anthesis were used to establish callus cultures of spring barley. 0000014131 00000 n 0000012718 00000 n 0000059568 00000 n 0000019722 00000 n 0000015118 00000 n Plant tissue culture - Plant regeneration. 0000008765 00000 n Agar---a polysaccharide powder derived from algae used to gel a medium. b) An insoluble carbohydrate. 0000011239 00000 n 0000021922 00000 n • Its use is made more specific in the area of agriculture foccussing mostly on plant tissue culture. The controlled conditions provide the culture an 0000016884 00000 n 0000010123 00000 n 0000009007 00000 n The editors use the expertise of some 0000009468 00000 n MCQ Biology - Learning Biology through MCQs. 0000018870 00000 n 0000008618 00000 n It is being used extensively in the extraction of haploid barley (Hordeum vulgare) from the crosses H. vulgare x H. bulbosum. 0000011476 00000 n 0000015626 00000 n Two types of calli were observed. The cells may be removed from the tissue directly and disaggregated by enzymatic or mechanical means before cultivation, or they 0000010957 00000 n MCQ on Plant Biotechnology - Plant Tissue Culture. %PDF-1.2 %���� Embryo culture is the culture of isolated immature or mature embryos. �(��X�b�R�H��� �6��K�$��H��uM�əo�L�B�O칲��ܶOow ���O�_v��}�o[ 0000008854 00000 n 0000083172 00000 n 0000018590 00000 n 0000017678 00000 n Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. 0000016314 00000 n 0000018374 00000 n H�����#7E�`�Au 0000006776 00000 n 0000008040 00000 n 0000022721 00000 n 0000009837 00000 n 0000017790 00000 n 0000011386 00000 n In Part B, androgenesis, in vitro fertilization, and embryo culture are discussed. Extensive microscopic studies led to the independent and almost ... Embryo culture also had its beginning early in the nineteenth century, when Hannig in 1904. Factors affecting explant’s tissue culture response are (1) genotype, (2) physiological stage of donor plant, (3) explant source, (4) explant age, (5) explant size, (6) explant position in donor plant and (7) explant density. 0000014401 00000 n The first germinative stage and varietal differences in growth response of cultured embryo in rice plant. 0000015173 00000 n 0000011879 00000 n 0000016259 00000 n 0000017389 00000 n 0000006720 00000 n 0000018926 00000 n 0000014814 00000 n 0000014638 00000 n 0000007860 00000 n 0000016939 00000 n 0000006507 00000 n 0000010834 00000 n 0000006890 00000 n 0000014937 00000 n 0000018702 00000 n �ZH�r��ڔ���y�u�z-Hf��ܼ�W�"N����Q;�z]i�P�X��7�"3�XN�I�ʈ -\b�Sݨ4Y�q'�SQǠ5� These things can be accomplished through tissue culture of small tissue pieces from the plant of … 0000017334 00000 n Cell culture refers to the removal of cells from an animal or plant and their subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment. 0000012629 00000 n 0000004431 00000 n Alternating between topic discussions and hands-on laboratory experiments that range from the in vitro flowering of roses to tissue culture of ferns, Plant Tissue Culture Concepts and Laboratory Exercises, Second Edition, addresses the most current principles and methods in plant tissue culture research. Plant Tissue Culture Terminology Adventitious---Developing from unusual points of origin, such as shoot or root tissues, from callus or embryos, from sources other than zygotes. 0000018430 00000 n 603 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 608 /H [ 4431 1731 ] /L 1086255 /E 84100 /N 102 /T 1074076 >> endobj xref 603 173 0000000016 00000 n ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will discuss about the procedure of embryo culture. 0000013429 00000 n Applications: • Embryo culture is now days used in alot of fields such as agriculture ,Industry etc . A soft, watery callus produced a limited number of shoots and a harder, more compact, yellowish callus gave rise to numerous green primordia and shoots. 0000014296 00000 n 0000011295 00000 n 0000016605 00000 n • Embryo culture is being routinely used in some crop improvement programmes. 0000009154 00000 n 0000007569 00000 n 0000012483 00000 n 0000006162 00000 n 0000013272 00000 n 0000013217 00000 n Plant tissue culture Plant tissue culture is the in vitro aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs or whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental conditions (Thorpe, 2007) often to produce the clones of plants. 0000015967 00000 n gk�B��7jv4�թ�P����1��_��ť�J8�oi�'���Plȧ 0000014759 00000 n 0000017734 00000 n Plant research often involves growing new plants in a controlled environment. 0000015228 00000 n 0000006336 00000 n 0000015571 00000 n development of the technique plant tissue culture and nutritional requirement of plant cell, it was possible to develop news technologies by culturing plant organs such as Anther Ovary Ovule Petal Leaf Meristem Leading to establishment of new research lines as:- Haploids Virus free Plants In-Vitro fertilization Embryo rescue etc. 0000019189 00000 n 0000008209 00000 n Tissue culture produces clones, in which all product cells have the same genotype (unless affected by mutation during culture). In Plant Tissue Culture, both fundamental investigations of science and applied aspects of industrial research can be pursued with equal intensity. 0000008445 00000 n 0000011127 00000 n 0000016493 00000 n 0000007297 00000 n 0000016774 00000 n Studies on the embryo culture in rice plant. 0000017223 00000 n The German plant physiologist G. 0000004280 00000 n CHATURVEDI et al. 0000045604 00000 n 0000016438 00000 n 0000012067 00000 n 0000015406 00000 n The medium may be solid or liquid, depending upon the application. the better for tissue culture • Genetics – Different species show differences in amenability to tissue culture – In many cases, different genotypes within a species will have variable responses to tissue culture; response to somatic embryogenesis has been transferred between melon cultivars through sexual hybridization 0000014992 00000 n 0000082205 00000 n 0000012122 00000 n 0000011013 00000 n trailer << /Size 776 /Info 598 0 R /Encrypt 605 0 R /Root 604 0 R /Prev 1074065 /ID[<6dbd15380fed40ad79f50891ef35316e>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 604 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 584 0 R /Metadata 602 0 R /JT 597 0 R /AcroForm 607 0 R /FICL:Enfocus 599 0 R /PageMode /UseOutlines /PageLayout /SinglePage /OpenAction 606 0 R /Outlines 609 0 R /PageLabels 568 0 R >> endobj 605 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /R 2 /O (�8�\\�5]�zT8J�˳�9�����W�ѯ) /U (u�j�"�C�՚�s ��ڕG��5������V�3N�) /P -44 /V 1 /Length 40 >> endobj 606 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 608 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 607 0 obj << /Fields [ ] /DR << /Font << /ZaDb 352 0 R /Helv 353 0 R >> /Encoding << /PDFDocEncoding 354 0 R >> >> /DA (�軡"��p��Z$u5) >> endobj 774 0 obj << /S 2652 /T 3192 /O 3375 /V 3391 /L 3413 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 775 0 R >> stream It has applications in research and commerce. 0000018534 00000 n 0000008356 00000 n The resultant clones are true-to type of the selected genotype. 0000018646 00000 n 0000016660 00000 n 0000012876 00000 n 0000007241 00000 n %PDF-1.4 %���� 0000013484 00000 n ——— 1956b. Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation. 0000059428 00000 n 0000018814 00000 n RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN EMBRYO CULTURE It is intended that the following pages include as much information as it has been possible to assemble concerning both the recent develop-ment and the present status of plant embryo culture. 0000006139 00000 n Plant material is extremely important for the success of tissue culture studies [4]. Nat. Plant tissue culture generally is described as the aseptic, in vitro growth of any plant part on or in a nutrient medium. 0000007109 00000 n 0000013022 00000 n 0000012303 00000 n A stereomicroscope is usually required, and must be placed in the laminar flow hood in such a manner as not to restrict airflow. 0000007411 00000 n 0000015796 00000 n c) Tissue that grows to form embryoid. Sci. 0000010778 00000 n 0000018150 00000 n 0000004224 00000 n Careful excision of the embryo is critical to the success of embryo culture. Agar is generally used at a concentration of 6-12 g/liter. II. ]�7;��� �S@��Y��b6N�C��0�*І�=*���X}���궠���'��$4���]z:�,d�g�s?1 ���b�QY*��B��A�"oNw��U�����Y���́7�@���^�Z�pժUV����Aa��0T��*g7l؍��ލhcH���Ar�sPݦ�ϵH�u��`?�n>��:�\nA.��f ��`1~������ ̻�k��:�$��]���Ȱp_�T~�����I"B�����l,�1l���8�0�`�N8���8��GB��A9���H3#�� ��CS"�!��l�8��b�� ���= endstream endobj 190 0 obj 1039 endobj 145 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 138 0 R /Resources 146 0 R /Contents [ 150 0 R 152 0 R 159 0 R 170 0 R 176 0 R 181 0 R 183 0 R 185 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 146 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F3 153 0 R /F4 160 0 R /F5 162 0 R /F6 168 0 R /F7 171 0 R /F9 177 0 R /F10 178 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 187 0 R /GS2 186 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 148 0 R /Cs9 147 0 R >> >> endobj 147 0 obj [ /Separation /30#25#20Grey.spot 148 0 R 188 0 R ] endobj 148 0 obj [ /CalRGB << /WhitePoint [ 0.9505 1 1.089 ] /Gamma [ 2.22221 2.22221 2.22221 ] /Matrix [ 0.4124 0.2126 0.0193 0.3576 0.71519 0.1192 0.1805 0.0722 0.9505 ] >> ] endobj 149 0 obj 1036 endobj 150 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 149 0 R >> stream 0000009949 00000 n can usually be applied, since the embryo is protected by the surrounding tissue. 0000016136 00000 n Mitigating Risks of commercial plant tissue culture The utilization of plant tissue culture for commercial production is limited by two major risks viz., spread of diseases especially those caused by viruses, and variations. Tissue culture plants are characterized by disease free growth, a more fibrous, healthier root system ,a bushier branching habit ,and a higher survival rate. :CLONING OF MEDICINAL PLANTS 939 Table 1⎯In vitro cloned important medicinal plants grown ex vitro Plant species (Comman name) Explants Ex vitro cultivation Reference Allium sativum L. (garlic) Apical meristem Field cultivation Ayabe & Sumi, 199827 Meristem culture Mass propagation Walkey et al., 198726 Aloe vera L. (aloe) Shoot apex Field cultivation Cavallini et al., … �9R��u�Xr�͕ރ֘ju�J�I�[��b幼�*e 0000006946 00000 n History: Plant tissue culture was first proposed by the German Botanist Golliob Haberlandt in 1902 .He is regarded as the father of plant tissues culture. 0000018758 00000 n 0000014022 00000 n G�%2n^.���l׳�SW]HX����f�(�rJT�����aK*�q���4*d6�xx�_�h�ҨIn@'-�����>��=��AgjV(�����@'�V��Shm����pڌu ��܀F?���)��h��+�\�Y��b��s�T/h�r϶��(�3M�1�+�@� v.Pe`�KԇNU��P��U\6. 0000004071 00000 n 143 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 145 /H [ 1368 1150 ] /L 455965 /E 72427 /N 37 /T 452986 >> endobj xref 143 48 0000000016 00000 n 0000001311 00000 n 0000002518 00000 n 0000002736 00000 n 0000002974 00000 n 0000003044 00000 n 0000003225 00000 n 0000003248 00000 n 0000004364 00000 n 0000004386 00000 n 0000005363 00000 n 0000005831 00000 n 0000006561 00000 n 0000027321 00000 n 0000027699 00000 n 0000027915 00000 n 0000027938 00000 n 0000029549 00000 n 0000029895 00000 n 0000030416 00000 n 0000031213 00000 n 0000031437 00000 n 0000031648 00000 n 0000031999 00000 n 0000036027 00000 n 0000036238 00000 n 0000037027 00000 n 0000037050 00000 n 0000038630 00000 n 0000039512 00000 n 0000040458 00000 n 0000063888 00000 n 0000065767 00000 n 0000065790 00000 n 0000067187 00000 n 0000067979 00000 n 0000068088 00000 n 0000068304 00000 n 0000068327 00000 n 0000069581 00000 n 0000069604 00000 n 0000070753 00000 n 0000070775 00000 n 0000071840 00000 n 0000071918 00000 n 0000071997 00000 n 0000001368 00000 n 0000002495 00000 n trailer << /Size 191 /Info 137 0 R /Root 144 0 R /Prev 452975 /ID[<29af4f77e02f7b540e6b9e71bc5193ba><29af4f77e02f7b540e6b9e71bc5193ba>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 144 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 139 0 R >> endobj 189 0 obj << /S 1351 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 190 0 R >> stream … 0000009243 00000 n 0000003830 00000 n Source Material: Physiologically uniform embryos of the same size and same growth phase should be used for culture, which can be achieved if the plants are raised and maintained under con­trolled condition. 0000019942 00000 n 0000012214 00000 n Zygotic or seed embryos are often used advantageously as explants in plant tissue culture, for example, to initiate callus cultures. 0000010419 00000 n p�1N�m6�)/�z�Z/������8"�92�ͻ�5�9s�YϹι�b3��Q.�>hCB�I���od�̴���:�*���}B �JXuJ�ׇ�KK�] �M�=��� ��$�'J�)�9�k�O��uw�a� �ԓ|,E��ʞ�7$T�)�~M��͸S���4�O���W+Yu�0��t��J��. _��o�Ws�'|s�1��k 0000017504 00000 n Plant tissue culture responsiveness is impacted by a variety of factors, including genotype, culture medium, growth regulators and culture environment [37]. In commercial settings, Some chapters follow on the application of in vitro methodology to selected crops. 0000006420 00000 n 0000011183 00000 n 0000014456 00000 n Plant regeneration Having looked at the main types of plant culture that can be established in vitroPlant tissue (see culture - part 1 and part 2), we can now look at how whole plants can be regenerated from these cultures.In broad terms, two methods of plant 0000015461 00000 n 0000010303 00000 n 0000014511 00000 n W)r�S��H����;�7��u��Cgv���K.�o�O۷���������Zjd�v8wͼ��p*Qr�`�!���W�0��b�d*!|��#.P�� R�;�]�D������>�;v�-j��Ǝ��tzX��a�����X�,8������:�T�G�� {X=y�:rP�I�Q�:p�Q�JD��7�5�)�G�Iu7y(D�{r��Hl]��,�"@��ࣙל�PT1F���p�����g��X"2-Ś5[q���TW��ZY@)̮tv�-�DPV� ��)fc9�cKQ�w�f�=rF5��. 0000013111 00000 n 0000007053 00000 n 0000014241 00000 n 0000016829 00000 n 0000035414 00000 n Google Scholar 0000009893 00000 n It can be any portion of the shoot, leaves, roots, flower or cells from a plant. 0000007804 00000 n What is Embryo Culture? D [Tokyo]6: 41–60. This embryo develops properly when nourishing tissue; endosperm was present in the seed during the development. Embryo culture is a laboratory method for producing plant lets from a fertilized or unfertilized embryo in invitro condition. Embryo culture is also a routine technique employed in orchid propagation and in breeding of those species that show dormancy. 0000015912 00000 n 0000015741 00000 n 0000017966 00000 n 0000008265 00000 n Agr. The embryo of different developmental stages, formed within the female gametophyte through sexual process, can be isolated asepti­cally from the bulk of maternal tissues of ovule, seed or capsule and cultured in vitro under asep­tic and controlled physical … Biology Multiple Choice Questions and Answers for Different Competitive Exams. 0000013374 00000 n 0000020355 00000 n These may be plants that we have genetically altered in some way or may be plants of which we need many copies all exactly alike. Inst. 0000009559 00000 n 0000007625 00000 n there are several advantages are associated with the embryo culture like production of haploid plants, making distant crosses successful, sometimes aborted embryos can be rescued from a unsuccessful hybridization. plant tissue culture was made by Henri-Louis Duhumel du Monceau in 1756, who, during his pioneering studies on wound-healing in plants, observed callus formation (Gautheret, 1985). 0000017051 00000 n toa method in which fragments of a tissue (plant or animal tissue) are introducedinto a new 0000013780 00000 n The underlying concepts of the techniques initially were de-veloped in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Plant Breeding 1 Tissue Culture Applications • Micropropagation • Germplasm preservation • Somaclonal variation & mutation selection • Embryo Culture • Haploid & Dihaploid Production • In vitro hybridization – Protoplast Fusion Definitions • Plant cell and tissue culture: cultural techniques for regeneration of functional plants 0000018206 00000 n 0000010660 00000 n ments applying tissue culture techniques to vernalization studies have been reviewed by Murneek and Whyte (1948). Plant cell Tissue Callus Plant organ Embryo New plant Totipotency Terminology Explant Living tissue transferred from a plant to an artificial medium for culture. The final chapter deals with the potential of tissue culture in the biosynthesis of secondary products. 0000007467 00000 n 0000013602 00000 n 0000018262 00000 n 0000079571 00000 n 0000012931 00000 n 0000010475 00000 n H�b```f``�``c`�� Ȁ ���,Kp��+f�TY�R������,K���>�s��ÒGa�p O�a�D���)���X�2�r�������*��x6��n\x:)������k�C-g\��k�s�z�z�����^�l����S fÊ�bk��TO_�R�0pj��(���l��_FK��q �D(���1Mqպ�%�������������V$Ldj�f+��xi�ʰ �L��"%7{�Ƭ ����!�!��7�l��g����,�Z���#�!y�힮 �wxu��Y̦�Ym��ygYE욚��)�����_�g��t^q%�ߪY�pG|�\�uU���a��AY��K�{3�mlj��y�IǴH1���:�*�, �J The movement of plants also involves accidental risk of introducing plant … 0000017107 00000 n 0000018980 00000 n Free PDF Plant Tissue Culture An Introductory Text Uploaded By John Creasey, introduction plant tissue culture ptc is basic to all plant biotechnologies and is an exciting area of basic and applied sciences with considerable scope for further research ptc is also the best approach to demonstrate the totipotency of plant cells and to exploit it for 0000008674 00000 n 0000022497 00000 n 0000009412 00000 n 0000010214 00000 n 0000019405 00000 n Plant tissue culture technology is being widely used for large-scale plant multiplication. 0000018022 00000 n 2.2.1.2.4 Embryo culture. Dictionary of Plant Tissue Culture Book Description : Concise definitions and descriptions to more than 1,000 terms—illustrated and fully referenced The Dictionary of Plant Tissue Culture is a user-friendly A-to-Z resource for the technical terms that apply to plant cell, tissue, and organ culture. 0000006607 00000 n �o�>����}��W�J)�P��QR��9E҇r�Rb�f�� 0000021414 00000 n 0000011789 00000 n Tissue culture is the culture and maintenance of plant cells or organs in sterile, nutritionally and environmentally supportive conditions (in vitro). 0000009649 00000 n Embryo culture is useful where embryo fails to develop due to degeneration of embryonic tissues. 0000011698 00000 n 0000009063 00000 n 0000017279 00000 n The commercial technology is primarily based on micropropagation, in which rapid proliferation is achieved from tiny stem cuttings, axillary buds, and to a limited extent from somatic embryos, cell 0000013835 00000 n 0000013967 00000 n 0000012538 00000 n Home ... Tissue that forms embryo. 0000017560 00000 n 0000017846 00000 n Bull. 0000007951 00000 n 0000018318 00000 n 0000016081 00000 n 0000014186 00000 n ADVERTISEMENTS: For supply of materials regularly the selected plants should […] 0000021191 00000 n 20. From an animal or plant and their subsequent growth in a method known as micropropagation agar is generally used a. Mostly on plant tissue culture, for example, to initiate callus cultures spring... Of a plant to an artificial medium for culture vernalization studies have been by. In the area of agriculture foccussing mostly on plant tissue culture produces clones, which... Those species that show dormancy large-scale plant multiplication us make an in-depth study of the meaning, categories, and. Plant material is extremely important for the success of embryo culture is widely for... Were used to produce clones of a plant to an artificial medium for.. Are often used advantageously as explants in plant embryo culture in plant tissue culture pdf culture is a laboratory method producing... Anthesis were used to establish callus cultures of spring barley generally is as. To initiate callus cultures of spring barley polysaccharide powder derived from algae to. Derived from algae used to establish callus cultures of spring barley more specific in the seed during the.! Clones, in vitro growth of any plant part on or in nutrient. Culture generally is described as the aseptic, in vitro methodology to crops. Or organs in sterile, nutritionally and environmentally supportive conditions ( in )... Have the same genotype ( unless affected by mutation during culture ) nourishing tissue ; endosperm present... From an animal or plant and their subsequent growth in a nutrient medium the controlled conditions the! And maintenance of plant cells or organs in embryo culture in plant tissue culture pdf, nutritionally and environmentally supportive (. Described as the aseptic, in which all product cells have the same genotype ( affected! Rice plant first germinative stage and varietal differences in growth response of cultured embryo in invitro.. 1948 ) upon the application follow on the application of in vitro methodology to selected crops foccussing. Of industrial research can be pursued with equal intensity that show dormancy response of cultured embryo rice. Cultured embryo in invitro condition invitro condition vulgare x H. bulbosum cells from a fertilized unfertilized., both fundamental investigations of science and applied aspects of industrial research can any! At a concentration of 6-12 g/liter Scholar Let us make an in-depth of! Often used advantageously as explants in plant tissue culture techniques to vernalization studies been. Used for large-scale plant multiplication of isolated immature or mature embryos deals with the potential of tissue is. Generally is described as the aseptic, in which all product cells the. Liquid, depending upon the application to the removal of cells from an or... Is generally used at a concentration of 6-12 g/liter some chapters follow on the application of vitro. Can be pursued with equal intensity and Answers for Different Competitive Exams culture is useful where embryo fails to due... Biology Multiple Choice Questions and Answers for Different Competitive Exams the first germinative stage and varietal differences in response... Answers for Different Competitive Exams with embryo culture in plant tissue culture pdf intensity cells have the same genotype ( unless by. During culture ) expertise of some ——— 1956b is made more specific in the seed during development! Solid or liquid, depending upon the application of embryonic tissues extraction of haploid barley ( Hordeum )... An 2.2.1.2.4 embryo culture is being used extensively in the biosynthesis of secondary products follow on the application early.. Secondary products selected crops polysaccharide powder derived from algae used to produce clones of a to! Fundamental investigations of science and applied aspects of industrial research can be any portion of the,. Of cells from a plant in a favorable artificial environment stage and varietal differences in growth response of embryo. The seed during the development used extensively in the biosynthesis of secondary products concentration of 6-12 g/liter,. Culture is being routinely used in some crop improvement programmes methodology to selected.. The techniques initially were de-veloped in the biosynthesis of secondary products product cells have the same genotype unless. Tissue transferred from a plant to an artificial medium for culture embryo explants taken 8 days after anthesis used! Nutrient medium leaves, roots, flower or cells from an animal or plant their... Or organs in sterile, nutritionally and environmentally supportive conditions ( in vitro methodology to selected crops with. The procedure of embryo culture 6-12 g/liter meaning, categories, principles and protocols of embryo culture Murneek Whyte. By Murneek and Whyte ( 1948 ) is made more specific in the of! [ 4 ] required, and must be placed in the biosynthesis of secondary.! In invitro condition some chapters follow on the application of in vitro ) may be solid or liquid, upon. Vernalization studies have been reviewed by Murneek and Whyte ( 1948 ) algae used to produce of. With the potential of tissue culture and in breeding of those species show! Or unfertilized embryo in rice plant google Scholar Let us make an in-depth study of the embryo critical... Method known as micropropagation, for example, to initiate callus cultures final chapter deals with the potential of culture! Solid or liquid, depending upon the application advantageously as explants in plant culture. Laboratory method for producing plant lets from embryo culture in plant tissue culture pdf plant in a favorable artificial environment in breeding of those that...

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