Following the abortive offensive at Chelyabinsk, the White armies withdrew beyond the Tobol. Save. See main article: North Russia intervention. At the same time Denikin's Armed Forces of South Russia (AFSR) completed the elimination of Red forces in the northern Caucasus and advanced towards Tsaritsyn. 5b Explain which key figures in the Russian Civil War are represented by the three dogs. The first attempt to regain power from the Bolsheviks was made by the Kerensky-Krasnov uprising in October 1917. It allowed all production to be concentrated on the war effort. Many soldiers of the White Army had gathered in Crimea. At most, other nationalities had the right to form small cavalry units (Caucasia… Kornilov was killed in the fighting on 13 April, and Denikin took over command. General Denikin's military strength continued to grow in the spring of 1919. Out of them, about one million were soldiers of the Red Army. But that does not take into account some other facts: 500,000 soldiers missing, 3 million prisoners of war, 1.1 million disabled, 6 million refugees and tens of thousands of civilian victims. The Second Polish Republic, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia formed their own armies immediately after the abolition of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty and the start of the Soviet westward offensive in November 1918. In Ukraine the German-Austrian Operation Faustschlag had by April 1918 removed the Bolsheviks from Ukraine. Red Army attacks on the anarchist forces and their sympathisers increased in ferocity throughout 1921.[30]. The number of horses declined from 35 million in 1916 to 24 million in 1920 and cattle from 58 to 37 million. harv. The value of Russia’s currency (ruble) fell. The February Revolution of 1917 resulted in abdication of Nicholas II of Russia. Log in or sign up to leave a comment Log In Sign Up. Georges. In addition, rival militant socialists and non-ideological Green armies fought against both the Bolsheviks and the Whites. For example, The Soviet Union was producing only 5 % of the cotton, and only 2 % of the iron ore, compared to the production of 1913. The Russian Civil War occurred after November 19 when many groups had formed that opposed Lenin’s Bolsheviks. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism led by Vladimir Lenin, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which included diverse interests favouring political monarchism, capitalism and social … Many pro-independence movements emerged after the break-up of the Russian Empire and fought in the war. 2007. "Reconsidering the Ukrainian Revolution 1917–1921: The Dialectics of National Liberation and Social Emancipation. Disease had reached pandemic proportions, with 3,000,000 dying of typhus in 1920 alone. [24] Adm. Kolchak lost control of his government shortly after this defeat; White Army forces in Siberia essentially ceased to exist by December. People opposing them organized themselves into the White Army. The Red Army fought back, and the White Army’s loss was heavy. Why the Bolsheviks Won the Civil War The Russian Civil War raged from 1918 until the start of 1921. Khalid al-Saleh moves to Germany with his family, having fled Syrian government forces. The Soviets acceded to a peace treaty, and the formal agreement, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, was ratified on 6 March. Former Imperial Russian and now Finnish Gen. Mannerheim planned an intervention to help the Whites in Russia capture Petrograd. The Russian Civil War went for the duration of three years, and took place between 1918 and 1921. In the October Revolution the Bolshevik Party directed the Red Guard (armed groups of workers and Imperial army deserters) to seize control of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) and immediately began the armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire. Robert Gellately. Votes: 480 War Communism saved the Soviet government during the Civil War, but much of the Russian economy had ground to a standstill. Estonia cleared its territory of the Red Army by January 1919. The Baku Soviet Commune was established on 13 April. Russian Civil War (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries supported peasants fighting against Soviet control of food supplies. They started the Siberian Intervention and otherwise helped the Whites. The houses are crumbling. In Omsk the Russian Provisional Government quickly came under the influence - then the dominance - of its new War Minister, Rear-Admiral Kolchak. It can also be roughly split into the following periods. War communism was the economic and political system that existed in the Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921. On 6–7 February Kolchak and his prime minister Victor Pepelyaev were shot and their bodies thrown through the ice of the frozen Angara River, just before the arrival of the White Army in the area. [35] Punitive organs of the All Great Don Cossack Host sentenced 25,000 people to death between May 1918 and January 1919. Rodger Shanahan says the catalyst was the jailing on March 6, 2011, of some children who painted anti-regime graffiti. In the Ural-Guryev operation of 1919–1920, the Red Turkestan Front defeated the Ural Army. One was Lt. Col. Bailey, who recorded a mission to Tashkent, from where the Bolsheviks forced him to flee. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism led by Vladimir Lenin, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which included diverse interests favouring political monarchism, capitalism and alternative forms of socialism, each with democratic and anti-democratic variants. Another one to two million people, known as the White émigrés, fled Russia, many with General Wrangel—some through the Far East, others west into the newly independent Baltic countries. People always remembered their bad results. The main body of White forces, the Volunteers and the Don Army, pulled back towards the Don, to Rostov. The railways barely crawl. An agreement was reached between Denikin, head of the Volunteer Army, and Pyotr Krasnov, Ataman of the Don Cossacks, which united their forces under the sole command of Denikin. Many of them were sent into battle without shoes, food, and even weapons. best. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. Collectively, they were known as the Whites while the Bolsheviks … Evan Mawdsley suspected that there were more than 12,733, and less than 200,000. In October 1919 he tried to capture Petrograd in a sudden assault with a force of around 20,000 men. The high tide of the White movement against the Soviets had been reached in September 1919. Book: Volkogonov, Dmitri. This page was last changed on 3 June 2020, at 01:03. In February 1918 the Red Army overthrew the White Russian-supported Kokand autonomy of Turkestan. The Ottoman Army of Islam (in coalition with Azerbaijan) drove them out of Baku on 26 July 1918. Russian President Vladimir Putin seeks support for ally Bashar al-Assad. While resistance to the Red Guard began on the very day after the Bolshevik uprising, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the instinct of one party rule became a catalyst for the formation of anti-Bolshevik groups both inside and outside Russia, pushing them into action against the new Soviet government. They have one rifle between every three troops. With about 5.5 million out of 16 million soldiers killed and wounded, the Russian Empire appears to have suffered less than France and Germany. The Bolsheviks won the war, but the lack of food meant that between 3 and 10 million people died of hunger. (red army) in the Russian civil war. Economic loss was also very big. The latter, only 205miles from Moscow, was the closest the AFSR would come to its target. The Bolsheviks appointed political commissars to each unit of the Red Army to maintain morale and to ensure loyalty. In March 1921, four months after the defeat of the White Army in the Crimea, the Lenin administration abandoned the policy of War Communism and instead formulated the New Economic Policy which allowed denationalisation of agriculture and industry, but most financial institutions retained state ownership with a deregulation in such sectors. Translated and edited by Harold Shukman. This book was written by Leon Trotsky at the height of the Russian Civil War. Leon Trotsky, representing the Bolsheviks, refused at first to sign the treaty while continuing to observe a unilateral cease-fire, following the policy of "No war, no peace". The civil war occurred because after November 1917, many groups had formed that opposed Lenin’s Bolsheviks. Some sources claimed at least 250,000 summary executions of "enemies of the people" with estimates reaching above a million. However, the perceived threat of another intervention, combined with the failure of socialist revolutions in other countries—most notably the German Revolution—contributed to the continued militarisation of Soviet society. Consequently, when the Soviet counteroffensive began in January 1919 under the Bolshevik leader Antonov-Ovseenko, the Cossack forces rapidly fell apart. There were several other groups. [33] [34] More modest estimates put the numbers executed by the Bolsheviks between December 1917 and February 1922 at around 28,000 per year, with roughly 10,000 executions during the Red Terror. The Russian Civil War. Many regions of the Russian Empire were not stable. There were also many German commanders who offered support against the Bolsheviks, fearing a confrontation with them was impending as well. 0 comments. He died in 1924 and Joseph Stalin became the new leader. At the same time, some foreign countries were worried about the communists ruling the Soviet Union. With the support of the Japanese army it was able to hold Chita, but after withdrawal of Japanese soldiers from Transbaikalia, Semenov's position became untenable, and in November 1920 he was driven by the Red Army from Transbaikalia and took refuge in China. Promising an end to the war and "all power to the Soviets," the Bolsheviks then ended dual power by suppressing the Provisional Government in late October, on the eve of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, in what would be the second Revolution of 1917. In 1920, one had to give 1,200 rubles to buy one US dollar. But, the fighting started at many places. In September–October, heavy fighting took place at Armavir and Stavropol. Retreat of the eastern front by White armies lasted three months, until mid-February 1920, when the survivors, after crossing Lake Baikal, reached Chita area and joined Ataman Semenov's forces. By July the authority of the Komuch extended over much of the area controlled by the Czechoslovak Legion. Book: Gellately, Robert. See main article: Southern Front of the Russian Civil War, North Russia Campaign, Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War and Yakut Revolt. In view of this, on 18 February 1918 the Germans began Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front, encountering virtually no resistance in a campaign that lasted 11 days. It was supported by the Junker Mutiny in Petrograd but was quickly put down by the Red Guard, notably including the Latvian Rifle Division. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Civil_War&oldid=6971021, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. The White front had no depth or stability—it had become a series of patrols with occasional columns of slowly advancing troops without reserves. Slipshod evacuation of Novorossiysk proved to be a dark event for the White Army. Other forces fought against both these groups or sometimes helped one against the other. Jean-Jacques. Oxford University Press. The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from November 1917 until October 1922 between several groups in Russia. Yudenich also had six British tanks, which caused panic whenever they appeared. Major Ewen Cameron Bruce of the British Army had volunteered to command a British tank mission assisting the White Army. Why Russia is so involved with the Syrian Civil War. Several parts of the former Russian Empire—Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland—were established as sovereign states, with their own civil wars and wars of independence. After the treaty, it looked like much of that material would fall into the hands of the Germans. [20] In May 1918, with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion, they took Samara and Saratov, establishing the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly—known as the "Komuch". World War I In 1914, World War I began and Russia was at war with Germany. He himself gave up command after the loss of Omsk and designated Gen. Grigory Semyonov as the new leader of the White Army in Siberia. The civil war started in Syria through the announcement of this rebellion. [31] Boris Sennikov estimated the total losses among the population of Tambov region in 1920 to 1922 resulting from the war, executions, and imprisonment in concentration camps as approximately 240,000.[32]. Russian and Allied ships evacuated about 40,000 of Denikin's men from Novorossiysk to the Crimea, without horses or any heavy equipment, while about 20,000 men were left behind and either dispersed or captured by the Red Army. Having stated in the November 1917 "Declaration of Rights of Nations of Russia" that any nation under imperial Russian rule should be immediately given the power of self-determination, the Bolsheviks had begun to usurp the power of the Provisional Government in the territories of Central Asia soon after the establishment of the Turkestan Committee in Tashkent. The Bolsheviks attempted to take control of the Committee in Tashkent on 12 September 1917 but it was unsuccessful, and many leaders were arrested. Syrian civil war grew out of a popular uprising against the regime of President Bashar al-Assad in March 2011, part of Arab Spring uprisings in the Middle East.The brutal response of the security forces against initially peaceful protests demanding democratic reform and end of repression triggered a … On 30 December 1922, the USSR was formally created, and by 1928, production returned to pre-war levels. Book: Rosenthal, Reigo. However, because the Committee lacked representation of the native population and poor Russian settlers, they had to release the Bolshevik prisoners almost immediately due to public outcry, and a successful takeover of this government body took place two months later in November. Leon Trotsky soon reformed the Red Army, concluding the first of two military alliances with the anarchists. Trotsky extended the use of the death penalty to the occasional political commissar whose detachment retreated or broke in the face of the enemy. The Russian Civil War was to tear Russia apart for three years – between 1918 and 1921. Kolchak's government shot 25,000 people in Ekaterinburg province alone. — Sergeant Kamarov1 The Second Russian Civil War was a civil conflict primarily based in Russia, Eastern Europe, the parts of Central and Southwest Asiaand the large areas in the Middle East. By February 1919 the British government had pulled its military forces out of Central Asia. Greenhill Books. 1997. Following the Treaty of Tartu most of Yudenich's soldiers went into exile. The Whites fell back eastwards to Ufa and Orenburg. In the European part of Russia, the war was fought across three main fronts: the eastern, the southern, and the northwestern. Although in 2011 there were mostly non-communal protests, within a short time the armed conflict took terrible communal riots. Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii) was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the two Russian revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. Not long after this Kolchak was arrested by the disaffected Czechoslovak Corps as he traveled towards Irkutsk without the protection of the army, and turned over to the socialist Political Centre in Irkutsk. Hence, many of these countries expressed their support for the Whites, including the provision of troops and supplies. The Provisional Government, led by Socialist Revolutionary Party politician Alexander Kerensky, was unable to solve the most pressing issues of the country, most importantly to end the war with the Central Powers. The plan worked. Despite this setback, Moscow was loath to aid Makhno and the Black Army and refused to provide arms to anarchist forces in Ukraine. 100% Upvoted. The smaller body (Kiev and Odessa troops) withdrew to Odessa and the Crimea, which it had managed to protect from the Bolsheviks during the winter of 1919–1920. The Japanese, who had plans to annex the Amur Krai, finally pulled their troops out as Bolshevik forces gradually asserted control over the Russian Far East. The Red Army recaptured Kiev on 17 December and the defeated Cossacks fled back towards the Black Sea. In the European part of Russia the war was fought across three main fronts: the eastern, the southern and the northwestern. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk also resulted in direct Allied intervention in Russia and the arming of military forces opposed to the Bolshevik government. Taking control of any country, and especially one as big and complicated as Russia, was never going to be a simple task. Russian mercenaries, a CIA-linked general and lots of oil: Explaining Libya's war Published Wed, Jan 29 2020 2:11 AM EST Updated Thu, Jan 30 2020 1:12 AM EST Natasha Turak @NatashaTurak Stymied in his efforts to consolidate his hold, Wrangel then attacked north in an attempt to take advantage of recent Red Army defeats at the close of the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1920. COLD WAR (explained).... of both the Bolsheviks and the western Europe during World War I as well as the Russian Civil War created much hostility between the new Russian state and the establish states of the west. New York. The peasants responded to requisitions by refusing to till the land. See main article: Kerensky-Krasnov uprising, Junker mutiny and Volunteer Army. Estimates say that the war cost the Soviet Russia around 50 billion rubles or $35,000,000,000.00 in today’s price. In November, General Mikhail Alekseev, the Tsar's Chief of Staff during the First World War, began to organize the Volunteer Army in Novocherkassk. Refer to details in the cartoon and your own knowledge. Other nationalist armies fought for independence from any kind of Russian control. London. Some members of the Bolshevik central committee in Moscow were willing to give up Petrograd, but Trotsky refused to accept the loss of the city and personally organized its defenses. Shortly before the fall of Yekaterinburg on 17 July 1918, the former Tsar and his family were murdered by the Ural Soviet to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Whites. The forced conscription drive had mixed results, successfully creating a large army with numerical superiority over the Whites but becoming composed of members indifferent towards Marxist-Leninist ideology. [10] At the start of the civil war, former Tsarist officers comprised three-quarters of the Red Army officer-corps. harv. Although the Russian army had great numbers, the soldiers were not equipped or trained to fight. [{{google books |plainurl=y |id=CTTfAAAAMAAJ}} Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century]. After the capture of Tsaritsyn, Wrangel pushed towards Saratov but Trotsky, seeing the danger of the union with Kolchak, against whom the Red command was concentrating large masses of troops, repulsed his attempts with heavy losses. Here are ten basic facts you need to know about America's defining struggle. These groups included monarchists, militarists, and, for a short time, foreign nations. Syrian civil war grew out of a popular uprising against the regime of President Bashar al-Assad in March 2011, part of Arab Spring uprisings in the Middle East.The brutal response of the security forces against initially peaceful protests demanding democratic reform and end of repression triggered a … See main article: October Revolution. See main article: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The British occupied Murmansk and, alongside the Americans, seized Arkhangelsk. This time Red forces had no escape, and by the beginning of 1919 the whole Northern Caucasus was controlled by the Volunteer Army. In 1914, with 2 rubles one could buy a US dollar. Tsar Nicholas II, the traditional, autocratic ruler of the Russian Empire, had just lost his throne in the February Revolution of 1917. Eight foreign nations intervened against the Red Army, notably the former Allied military forces from the World War and the pro-German armies.[7]. Farms produced only 37 % of the normal production. Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii) was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the two Russian revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. Tajikistan, a newly independent country situated between China and Afghanistan, underwent profound political and economic changes since the break-up of the Soviet Union. Russian Media Is Rooting for Civil War in America: ‘The Worse, the Better’ BETTING AGAINST BIDEN “It is better to remain neutral, but if we had to choose, then Trump is certainly ours.” Mass arrests of Socialist-Revolutionaries followed. The members of the Directory were arrested and Kolchak proclaimed the "Supreme Ruler of Russia". About 8 million people lost their lives during the Russian Civil War. However, the Russian army only mobilised some civilians of fighting age. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovskalso resulted in direct Allied interven… 5a Who are the three figures in the cartoon? Syria war explained: Here's what you ... for missiles to be fired into war-torn Syria. See main article: February Revolution. 1964. Notable historian Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart comments that Bruce's tank action during this battle is to be seen as "one of the most remarkable feats in the whole history of the Tank Corps".[26]. The Czechoslovak Legions had been part of the Russian Army and numbered around 30,000 troops by October 1917. The Russian Civil War (Russian: links=no|Гражданская война в России|Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii; 7 November 1917 – 25 October 1922) was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the two Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. The Russian Civil War (Russian: links=no|Гражданская война в России|Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii; 7 November 1917 – 25 October 1922) was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the two Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. Book: Wheeler, Geoffrey. Battle in the civil war was fully joined by the middle of June 1918 on multiple fronts. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Communication difficulties with Red Army forces in Siberia and European Russia ceased to be a problem by mid-November 1919. Lesser battles of the war continued on the periphery for two more years, and minor skirmishes with the remnants of the White forces in the Far East continued well into 1923. With the end of the war the Communist Party no longer faced an acute military threat to its existence and power. General Anatoly Pepelyayev continued armed resistance in the Ayano-Maysky District until June 1923. However, on 14 October the Reds counterattacked, and thus began the uninterrupted retreat of the Whites to the east. Russian Revolution, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power, leading to the creation of the Soviet Union. Another was Gen. Malleson, leading the Malleson Mission, who assisted the Mensheviks in Ashkhabad (now the capital of Turkmenistan) with a small Anglo-Indian force. Kaledin of the Don Cossacks and General Grigory Semenov of the Siberian Cossacks were prominent among them. The Civil War begins. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Russian Civil War". The Syrian Civil War is an ongoing international armed conflict taking place in Syria. Northwestern Army. 978-1-4000-4005-6. harv. Denikin's troops took the cities of Kharkov and Belgorod. Production of industrial goods fell to very low level. Soon after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first period of the Russian Civil War began. In Siberia, Admiral Kolchak's army had disintegrated. The regions of Kamchatka and Northern Sakhalin remained under Japanese occupation until their treaty with the Soviet Union in 1925, when their forces were finally withdrawn. Other forces fought against both these groups or sometimes helped one against the other. About one million Russians left Russia and went to other countries to live there on a permanent basis. Bolshevik anti-war propaganda during the First World War was based on Lenin’s idea formulated in his work The War and Russian Social-Democracy (October, 1914): ‘The conversion of the present imperialist war into a civil war is the only correct proletarian slogan’. Although Russia experienced extremely rapid economic growth [39] in the 1930s, the combined effect of World War I and the Civil War left a lasting scar on Russian society and had permanent effects on the development of the Soviet Union. A White propaganda poster from the Russian Civil War. After a series of reverses at the front, the Bolsheviks' War Commissar, Trotsky, instituted increasingly harsh measures in order to prevent unauthorised withdrawals, desertions and mutinies in the Red Army. Knopf. On 18 November a coup d'état established Kolchak as dictator. Most of their soldiers are conscripted peasants, and experiencing the horrors of war plants the seed of revolution again. Estonian . They also understood that the impending counterrevolutionary resistance was more dangerous than the concessions of the treaty, which Lenin viewed as temporary in the light of aspirations for a world revolution. Frederick A. Praeger. They feared that communism would come to their countries also if the communists were successful so they helped fight against the communists’ Red Army. [15] However, after the military fiasco of the summer offensive (June 1917) by the Russian Provisional Government, and in particular after the failed summer offensive of the Provisional Government had devastated the structure of the Russian Army, it became crucial that Lenin realize the promised peace. Although this move seemed to solidify Bolshevik power in Central Asia, more troubles soon arose for the Red Army as the Allied Forces began to intervene. It erupted in the wake of the October Revolution and the Bolshevik closure of the Constituent Assembly.The Civil War was fought on several fronts by different leaders and groups, each with different political ideals and objectives. Class war, Lenin argued, was ‘of all the wars known in history… the only lawful, rightful, just and truly great war’. 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